Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)

Overview

Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, is the subjective feeling of oral dryness due to reduced saliva production or altered saliva composition. It affects up to 30% of the population and can significantly impact oral health, quality of life, and overall well-being. Saliva plays crucial roles in digestion, oral health maintenance, and speech.

[Clinical images showing dry, sticky oral mucosa and salivary gland anatomy]

Functions of Saliva

Lubrication: Moistens mouth and aids in swallowing
Digestion: Contains enzymes that begin starch breakdown
Antimicrobial: Contains antibodies and antimicrobial proteins
pH Buffer: Neutralizes acids from bacteria and food
Remineralization: Provides minerals to strengthen teeth
Cleansing: Washes away food debris and bacteria

Causes

Common Medications Causing Xerostomia

Antidepressants
SSRIs, tricyclics
Antihistamines
Allergy medications
Antihypertensives
Blood pressure medications
Diuretics
Water pills
Anticholinergics
Bladder medications
Antipsychotics
Mental health medications
Muscle Relaxants
Spasm medications
Pain Medications
Opioids, some NSAIDs

Clinical Features

Dry Sensation: Persistent feeling of mouth dryness
Sticky Saliva: Thick, ropey saliva consistency
Difficulty Swallowing: Problems with dry foods
Speech Problems: Difficulty speaking clearly
Altered Taste: Changes in taste sensation
Bad Breath: Chronic halitosis
Oral Infections: Increased risk of candidiasis
Dental Problems: Increased caries and gum disease

Complications

Prevention

Treatment Options

Home Care Strategies

Prognosis

The prognosis for xerostomia depends on the underlying cause. Medication-induced dry mouth may improve with dosage adjustment or alternative medications. Autoimmune conditions like Sjögren's syndrome require long-term management. Radiation-induced xerostomia may be permanent but can be managed with appropriate treatments. Early intervention and comprehensive care can significantly improve quality of life and prevent complications.